Mango

There are many reasons for this, but it is clear from the experiments and observations on the gardens that if the basic cultivation issues like cultivation of suitable varieties, customized irrigation, timely supply of nutrients, pruning, proper and timely protection of plants are followed. So not only there is a lot of scope for increase in the production per acre of the orchards but also the income can be increased significantly by improving the quality of the fruit. This booklet mentions the factors that can be adopted and if the orchards are properly maintained, the yield and quality of mangoes can be improved and the income can definitely be increased. Hybrid types: MRS.Alishan, MRS.Rohan, MRS.Hassan and Royal White.

Selection of land:

Mangoes can be cultivated in all types of soils except sandy and sandy soils, but for better production, fertile soil with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and good drainage is suitable. Mango roots are about 15-20 feet deep, but 5 to 7 feet deep is critical. However, the most efficient root system for obtaining nutrients is only in the top 2 feet of soil. Therefore, before planting a garden, soil samples must be taken from different depths in the field and analyzed in the laboratory. It is better to choose a land where there is no sand gravel or hard layer up to a depth of about 6 feet. But by adopting modern production technology, very good production can be obtained, but it is difficult to get good production of mangoes from these lands with traditional farming.

 PLANTATION METHORD:

There are two methods of planting a mango orchard. Square-shaped and rectangular-shaped. But the square-shaped method is more popular. In this method, the plants are planted on the corners of the square and the distance between the plants and the lines is equal. Plowing is easy and other farming tasks can also be done by hand. However, if regular pruning of plants is done, the yield can be significantly increased by improving the number of plants per acre using the rectangular method. Nowadays, the practice of increasing the number of different fruit plants per acre is becoming very popular all over the world. In this way, not only the production per acre increases, but the quality of the fruit is good and the production costs are also reduced. Therefore, it is recommended to keep more number of plants per acre for planting mango orchards i.e. 22X27 which gives 72 plants per acre.

Planting:

Mango plants are planted in spring i.e. February, March and rainy season i.e. August and September. Plants planted in spring are more successful. Planting in spring before new shoots start and early in rainy season is better. It is best to complete the garden scarification work two months before planting. After identifying the location of the plants, 3x3x3 feet pits should be marked and dug with a planting board. While digging the pits, keep the top one foot of soil aside and spread the remaining two feet of soil in the field. After that, the pits should be kept open for 7 to 10 days so that the harmful insects and germs die due to exposure to sunlight. While filling the pits, their surface should be kept 3 to 4 inches above the ground so that the pit does not fall below the ground level after watering. When the weather comes, plant plants in the middle of the pits with the help of a planting board and loosen the soil around the plant well. Press down. Close the cracks with a cloth when wilting. Take special care to select healthy, suitable age and height plants of the correct variety grafted on native stock. Selection of medium height plants. More is better. Because big plants are more likely to dry up. After transplanting, the age of the plant should be 1-3 years. 30 to 40 feet distance is kept for mango cultivation considering different varieties. In this way 27 to 48 plants are planted in one acre. Always plant more than one variety and plant each variety separately. But today. There is a trend of planting more plants per acre, so this should be taken into consideration. Cultivation of crops in gardens

A few years after planting the garden, the plants are small and their root system is also limited. There is a lot of empty space between the plants and rows where weeds grow and become a breeding ground for various pests and diseases. Additional production can be obtained by using the space for cultivation of crops. Selection of crop for cultivation in the garden is a sensitive task so select the crop keeping in mind the following principle= . While cultivating the crop, leave enough space around the plants so that there is no obstacle to fertilizing, weeding and spraying the plants.

= . Do not grow crops that require too much or too little water.

= . While cultivating crops, give preference to leguminous crops. Never cultivate leguminous vegetables.

= . Do not grow crops that remain in the field for a long time.

= . Avoid planting tall crops like millet, kamad and maize etc.

= . Generally, other crops can be cultivated in fertile land for 6 to 8 years. However, after this period, the plants grow.

and the production of crops grown in the garden will be reduced and the production of mangoes will also be affected

So after 8 years do not cultivate any crop in the garden.

= . Do not cultivate any crops that harm the garden.

Mango diseases and their control:

Harmful insects and their control:

Management Mango Tree Pruning and Canopy:

Pruning is the process of judiciously removing unnecessary branches of plants that cause problems such as dry, diseased, dense branches, etc., so that the plant is healthy and productive.  Annual necessary pruning improves the flow of light and air inside the plant and by this the plants not only bear fruit from the inside but also the fruit is healthier and it is easy. Early training of these plants allows the plant's canopy and branches to spread as desired, making the plant healthy, balanced and strong, and able to make better use of the space around it. In this way, the size of the plant also remains within the fixed limits and thus every plant gets light from its surroundings and not only the natural treatment of pests and diseases is better, but also the chemical treatment becomes easier. The quality is excellent to prevent pests and diseases. By controlling the size of the plant, the plants do not affect each other and at the same time, the number of plants can be increased and the garden is ready for a rich harvest by cutting in less time. All the plants in the field are very productive and easy to pick.

Effects of pruning on plant health:

Regular pruning of diseased branches reduces disease spread and keeps plants healthy.

Regular pruning improves the passage of air and light inside the plant, thereby reducing the attack of insects and diseases on the plants. The flowers are abundant and the fruit set is abundant and the quality of the fruit is also excellent.

Initially, by pruning small plants, the plants are more balanced and give better yield.

The size of the plants can be controlled and not only the size of the fruit is good but also the quality of the fruit is good on small plants. Medium and small size plants are easy to maintain and bear fruit.

Small plants grow better and healthier, and the fruits are more abundant on these branches.

* With timely pruning, new branches emerge early on the plants and they are ready to withstand the cold.

* Small plants bear fruits regularly and remain healthy while large plants are regularly stunted and their health remains weak.

 Principles of Pruning:

Pruning of mangoes is a process that not only improves the yield of the plants but also makes the plants produce more abundantly for a longer period of time. How to prune the plant and how much and how big the plant should be. It depends on the spacing of the plants, which depends on the climatic conditions and the characteristics of the species. Following are the basic rules for pruning mangoes.

To limit the size of the plant, cut all the branches that go beyond the proposed size of the plant. Complete this process immediately after picking the fruit so that new growth can occur on these branches afterwards. *Cut off the diseased and dry shoots from the plant, this reduces the spread of diseases on the plant and thus these plants become healthy.

* Make bright seeds in the canopy of the plants from the direction of the sun. This starts the light going inside the plants, which not only destroys insects and diseases, but these plants also bear fruit better from the inside, but this process is also done in winter.

It can be done by cutting all the branches attached to the ground, insects and diseases hidden under the plant are destroyed.

By cleaning the trunk and branches of the plant, many such insects are destroyed which take refuge here in extreme heat and cold. This process must be done at the beginning of winter and summer.

* Apply fungicide paste on thick cut branches and spray fungicide on small wounds.

The Golden Rule of Pruning:

By pruning the fruiting branches after fruiting, each branch produces 3-5 new buds from the cut place and all these branches bear fruit in the next year. Care should be taken when pruning the branches not to cut any branch below where there is a bunch of leaves but instead cut from the area where the leaves are further apart so that the new branches are spaced apart.

 Advantages of plant pruning:

By pruning the plant, the yield is improved and the quality of the fruit is very good

Treatment of pests and diseases becomes easy.

Plants produce every year.

Plants are seasonal and all plants flower bear fruit at the same time.

The size of the fruit becomes better and uniform.

Later, the life of the fruit is better.

Pruning / thorn pruning:

Pruning is completely neglected by our growers although pruning is an important process to increase plant health and yield. Pruning should be done every year after fruiting. Cut off all diseased, insect-infested, dry and weak branches. Cut and burn the dead branches or bury them in the ground also cut the branches that touch the ground because these branches not only harm the mango tree. They help in climbing but also hinder in ploughing. Also, diseased, dry, wilted and insect-infested branches spread disease germs in favorable weather (rainy) and cause spread of diseases in gardens, so prune the branches once a year and then spray the plant with fungicide. Be sure to spray. After pruning, apply Bordeaux paste (1:1:10) lime: blue snot: water on the ends of the cut branches.

Herbs and their Remedies:

 Weeds are plants that are found in places where their presence is not acceptable and where they compete with mango plants for food, water and light. The presence of weeds in orchards reduces plant growth which ultimately affects fruit yield and quality. The presence of weeds causes more damage in small gardens than in large gardens. In mango orchards, sometimes gardeners grow wheat, cotton and vegetables in the empty spaces between the rows of mango plants. Its main purpose is to get some profit from the empty space between the mango trees. A profit can be made from the cultivated crop and often the cost of the cultivated crop is much less than the cost of weed control. Short duration cropping is recommended for weed control in new mango plantations, however the following principles should be kept in mind while selecting the crop.

Main focus should be on mangoes because money earned without considering the actual crop is a sign of poor planning. * Appropriate space should be left for the maintenance of plants.

* Another plant or its root should be prevented from reaching the roots of mango plants.

Short duration crops should be selected and these crops should also be short in height. Otherwise, the mango plants will take a long form to get light compared to the crop.

Harms caused by weeds:

Weeds directly or indirectly cause a lot of damage to mango orchards. Weeds directly or indirectly cause a lot of damage to mango orchards.

Decrease in yield:

Weeds, due to their large number and rapid growth, compete with mango plants for food, water and light, causing a decrease in yield. The most important problem of these weeds is that weeds produce several thousand seeds that are extremely difficult to remove from the garden. Usually, the seeds of weeds formed in one year can lead to the presence of weeds for seven years. Therefore, gardeners need to pay special attention to weeds to avoid their negative effects.

 Habitat for insects/diseases:

 Weeds provide a favorable environment for harmful insects and diseases that directly or indirectly damage fruits and plants, for example fruit borer, weeding in February to March complete its first generation depends on and then targets mango fruit in April, May.

Harmful Weeds:

Some weeds are very harmful to gardeners, which make it difficult for the workers to work and walk in the garden. * Obstruction in the day-to-day activities of the garden: The tall weeds cause obstruction to the internal paths of the garden and the movement of the workers and cause a physical barrier to the workers in the garden.

The water requirement of mango plants depends on their age, type of growth, soil properties and climatic conditions. For good yield, ensure adequate irrigation in mango orchards from flowering to fruit bearing.  It is more beneficial not to water the fruiting plants during the months of October and November. Due to this, the vegetative growth of the tree is at the right time and the manure is also abundant. However, reduction in irrigation after fruit formation causes damage. Because it keeps the fruit ripe and the size of the fruit small. Following are the irrigation recommendations for mangoes.

Proportionate use of fertilizers:

To take full advantage of the use of fertilizers, it is necessary to get the soil analyzed to determine the nutrient requirements in the light of physical and chemical properties. For this purpose, you can take advantage of the district level laboratories of the Department of Agriculture. The amount of fertilizers depends on the age of the plants, the height of the plants, the fertility of the soil, the production target and the climate. The results of the soil samples tested in the soil and water analysis laboratory in specific areas of the mango orchards have revealed that almost 100% of the orchard soils are deficient in nitrogen and 95% in phosphorus deficiency. 50% of soils have medium or low levels of potash. It is therefore important to apply balanced fertilizers to maintain soil health and vigor, and farmers should change the mindset that low fertilization in orchards will allow them to consistently produce good yields. Also, in the gardens where there is a shortage of micronutrients, they should be used in the ground or in the form of a spray on the plant. To produce one ton of mango fruit, plants get about 6.4 kg of nitrogen, 1.6 kg of phosphorus and 7 kg of potash from the soil. In general, the use of potash in gardens is very low. The requirement of potash is the highest. By applying potash fertilizer in proper quantity, the fruit becomes heavy and pleasant. And it also increases the sweetness. Therefore, the use of potash with other fertilizers is very important. In the light of general recommendations, use fertilizers according to the following table.

Amount of macronutrients in kilograms per plant

Fertilizing Times:

* Add phosphorus, potash and cow dung fertilizers in December, early January.

* Apply nitrogen in three installments for early and medium varieties and in two installments for late varieties.

* Add 1/3rd of nitrogen in February (after flowering).

* Add 1/3rd of nitrogen in April when fruit set.

* Add 1/3 part nitrogen after exposure.

* Do not apply post-harvest nitrogen fertilizer to varieties ripening after August 15 and apply the full amount of nitrogen in the first two installments.

Fertilizing Times:

* Add phosphorus, potash and cow dung fertilizers in December, early January.

* Apply nitrogen in three installments for early and medium varieties and in two installments for late varieties.

* Add 1/3rd of nitrogen in February (after flowering).

* Add 1/3rd of nitrogen in April when fruit set.

* Add 1/3 part nitrogen after exposure.

* Do not apply post-harvest nitrogen fertilizer to varieties ripening after August 15 and apply the full amount of nitrogen in the first two installments.

* The recommended amount of trace elements can be mixed with cow dung and pressed into the soil.

They can also be sprayed on the leaves to complete the application. While spraying, keep the following points in mind, otherwise the plants will not get much benefit from the spray.

* The use of minor elements should be done only in case of deficiency after analyzing the soil and leaves. Even in case of deficiency, after the first two consecutive years of using every rain, one year should not be used. Limit caution is necessary.

1. Spray on the plant when the plant is active.

2. Spray early in the morning or late in the evening during cool hours so that nutrients can be absorbed into the plant as much as possible.

3. Avoid spraying all the micronutrients together as this increases the concentration in the solution.

can be harmful. It is better to spray the minor elements separately-  

Fruit harvesting:

By handling the fruit in a proper manner and at the right time, if it is presented in a good manner, more profit can be obtained. Breaking the fruit without damage is a laborious work, so the fruit breakers must be experienced. So it is okay to pick the raw fruit and the ripe fruit should not be left on the tree for too long. Care should be taken to cut the stem close to the fruit level with scissors and if the fruit is high, use a ladder. It should be done. After the fruit has fallen, it should be put in cloth bags and brought down and packed in custom boxes.