Radish
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About
Importance and Introduction
The native place of radish is China and its regular cultivation started in China in 500 BC and then in 700 AD its cultivation started in Japan. Radish belongs to the Cruciferae family and its botanical name is Raphanus Sativus. Medically, radish is very important. Radish is eaten in many ways. After roasting pumpkin, it becomes very delicious when roasted in ghee. It is cooked with other vegetables and used as a curry. It is also used as a salad. In our country, radish parathas are also eaten fondly.
Area, total production and average production of molasses in Punjab in the last five years
year |
Area |
Total Production |
average output |
|
|
|
|
thousand hectares |
thousand acres |
thousand tons |
kilograms per hectare |
Min (37.3242 kg) per acre |
N (40 kg) per acre |
2016-17 |
6.082 |
15.029 |
114.217 |
18779 |
203.61 |
189.99 |
2017-18 |
5.995 |
14.815 |
112.591 |
18779 |
203.61 |
189.99 |
2018-19 |
6.017 |
14.869 |
113.413 |
18848 |
204.31 |
190.69 |
2019-20 |
2.068 |
5.110 |
40.292 |
19484 |
211.25 |
197.12 |
2020-21 |
2.917 |
7.210 |
55.879 |
19152 |
207.66 |
193.76 |
Seeds
Types and Rates of Seeds
Forty days of radish agati gives better results in cultivation. It is ready in 35 to 40 days. Along with being a little harsh in the food, it is relatively high in bitterness. The type menu for the middle season and the all-season varieties are suitable for the last season. If you want to do chopa or kera, then keep the seed rate 3 to 4 kg per acre and in the case of sixth, keep 4 to 5 kg per acre. Use 2.0 to 2.5 kg seed per acre in both methods of sowing for seasonal crop.
Cultivation
Time to cultivate
In the plains of Punjab, its early varieties are cultivated from mid-July to mid-August, then it yields molasses from the last week of August to the end of September. At present, due to the small amount of radish available in the market, the price gets good, which gives a better income to the farmer. Seasonal radish in September and western radish in November and December.
Preparation of Land
Radish gives a good yield in better drained fertile land. Preparing the field is very important for radish cultivation. Because the growth of seeds is affected due to water rising on the track. Similarly, even if moisture cannot reach the seed, it is not grown. Therefore, after preparing the ground, run a rotavator and put 12 to 15 tons of cow dung rotten fertilizer at the rate of 12 to 15 tons per acre a month before cultivation and mix it in the ground and water the field. On coming to water, run plough and plank twice so that the seeds of the herbs grow.
Method of Cultivation
Divide the field into about one kanal each and make pits at a distance of 75 cm. On both sides of these tracks, draw lines 2 to 3 cm deep from a wood etc. and plant seeds in them. After sowing the seeds, cover the seeds by adding soil by hand from the field. Walk around and make sure that there are no black spider houses. If these insects are seen, immediately add a recommended poison. If this is not done, the insects will remove the seeds of radish and collect it in one place, which badly affects the growth. In addition to kera, 3 to 4 seeds can also be planted at a mutual distance of 14 to 15 cm on both sides of the ridges.
Diseases
Vegetable diseases and their control:
Disease |
Symptoms |
Control |
Downy Mildew |
Moist spots appear on the lower surface of the leaves. These spots are pointed and yellow which later turn dark brown. These spots spread rapidly and spread on the entire plant as soon as appear, all the leaves of the plant dry up and the plant wilts. The disease spreads rapidly in temperatures of 15 C and more than 80% humidity and cloudy weather. |
|
Powdery Mildew |
On the lower surface of the leaves, round white spots begin to appear. These spots also contain white powder. Gradually, these spots appear on other parts of plants, such as stems and fruits. In the case of a severe attack, the leaves turn brown and wilt. Fruit growth stops and often the taste of the fruit is also affected. Temperatures of 20 to 25 C and less than 50% humidity in the atmosphere increase the severity of the disease. |
|
Wilt |
This disease is caused by underground fungi, in the case of an attack, the supply of salts and water to the plant stops and its roots are rot. The leaves on the stem of the plant dry up and the plant dies in 1 to 2 days. This disease can attack the crop at any time. |
|
Southern Blight/crown rot |
The attack of disease is mostly on the part of the stem that is slightly above the soil or submerged in the soil, due to the growth of the fungus, the stem is rot and the fruit which is lying next to the ground, white thread-like gum comes out of the stem of the affected plant and if the stem of the affected plant is transaction from the top, then it will become Sclerotia. Which are seen in the form of small pearls, whose color becomes white initially, then red and then brown. Due to the disease, the food vessels of the plant are destroyed and the plant dies as it wilts. |
|
Early Blight |
Deep concentric spots appear at the lower surface of the leaves, which later appear on the upper surface of the leaves as well. In the severity of the disease, these spots appear on the whole plant and the plants appear to be scorched. Temperatures of 20 to 30 c and 60% humidity in the air increase the severity of the disease. |
|
Collar Rot |
Blackish spots form on the stem near the root, which later take the form of a black circle. The supply of salts and water to the plant is completely stopped, the plant wilts and dies in 1 to 2 days. |
|
Leaf Spot |
Initially small moist spots begin to appear on the leaves, which later turn yellow and later brown. In case of extreme heat, these spots intermingle together and the plant is not able to meet its nutrient need properly. |
|
Bacterial Blight |
Germs of this disease are present in the seed or in the soil and the cause of its spread is bacteria. Symptoms of the disease include yellowing of the leaves, stunted height and wilting of the plant. If the roots of the affected plant are cut and kept in water, the bacterial material starts coming out of the plant. The roots of the plant look pink or dark brown. This disease is caused by injuries to plants during weeds eradication or due to an attack by nematodes present underground. Due to the disease, the photosynthesis process of plant is disrupted and it dies in 1 or 2 days. |
|
Root rot |
The leaves of the plant turn yellow and their growth stops completely. The leaves of the plant appear to have withered. The stem of the affected plant appears to be relatively more swallow than the healthy plants from close to the surface and if the plant is uprooted, the roots appear to be swollen. Rising underground temperatures and the attack of disease in dry land becomes severe. |
|
Nematode |
The cause of this disease is Nematode, the height of the plant remains small. The leaves look yellow, the plants appear to be wilting, if the affected plant is uprooted, small knots are seen on the roots. The nematodes injure the roots of the plants and cause the transmission of other disease-causing germs. Such as wilt and rot etc. |
|
Seed rot/Seedling wilting |
The cause of seed rot is a fungus. The seed does not germinate or dies as soon as it emerges. If the disease comes on a large plant, they wilt, dry up and die. |
|
Anthracnose |
Long spots appear on the leaves, stems, and fruits that become smaller and later larger. The shape of the spots is pointed or relatively round, which rapidly grows and shows brown color. If the disease starts with a disease seed, the leaves first wilt and the spots form near the surface of the soil on the stem and the plant dies. The disease survives in the residues and seeds of the plants. grows with the crop in the field. transferred to healthy plants through rain, water and insects. |
|
Myrothecium Blight |
This disease appears in the form of light-yellow spots on the edge of the leaves. The color of the spots later turns dark yellow and then brown and eventually black. As the disease progresses, the spots grow larger and cover on all the leaves. It spreads in the months of July to September through seeds and residues of plants. The most suitable temperature is 28 to 38 C. |
|
Fruit rot (non-bacterial disease) |
This is not a disease, but in hot weather, when the need for water increases and the fruits do not get adequate amount of calcium, then symptoms of the disease appear. The fruit of tomatoes turns brown from the back, which later turns black. Sometimes black spots also form inside the fruit. |
|
Viral diseases of Cucurbits |
More than 30 types of viral diseases attack cucurbits, including cucumber mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus, watermelon mosaic virus, zucchini yellow mosaic virus, papaya color spot virus, etc. The symptoms of these viral diseases are similar. The shape of the leaf would deteriorate. Light and dark spots. Green matter is surrounded by yellow or green matter is depleted. The height of the affected plant is stunted. Leaves moving upwards or downwards from the edges. Less fruit bears on infected plants. |
|
Cucumber Mosaic virus |
Its symptoms include mosaic virus leaves are yellow, the emergence of leaf veins, the deterioration of the shape of the leaf, the smallness of the leaf size and the formation of dead spots on the leaf. The virus can reduce the total production of chillies up to 60 percent. |
Same as above |
Yellow virus of Ladyfinger |
The virus is permanently spread through the whitefly. Due to this disease, the veins of the leaves first start to turn yellow, which gradually becomes deep yellow. Gradually the large and small veins become thick and all the leaves are formed in a yolk color web. Sometimes the green matter in the leaf is completely lost and the diseased plant is visible from a distance. The fruit also becomes yellow and its size is also small. |
Same as above |
Pests
Pests:
Harmful vegetable insects and their control:
Insect |
Symptoms |
Control |
(Aphids) Tomatoes, brinjal, okra, melon, cabbage, cabbage, turnips, watermelon and other vegetables. |
Adults and larvae of Aphids by sucking the sap from the lower surface of the leaves. They release a sweet secretion from their body, due to which the leaves are black and the process of Photosynthesis is severely affected. Its attack is severe from mid-February to March. The growth of small plants stops and the plants do not give enough yield. High humidity and low temperature are very helpful in the growth of aphid. Vegetable crops also contain adult that move from one farm to another. This insect usually spreads viral diseases. The crop looks black in case of a severe attack. |
|
(Jassids) Okra tori, brinjal, chilli and beldar vegetables |
Both Larvae and adults suck the sap of the leaves from the lower surface. The edges of the leaves turn dark yellow and later reddish. Which later dried up and took a cup-like shape in the downwards or upwards, and in case of a severe attack, the leaves start falling and the crop appears scorched. |
|
(White fly) Almost All Vegetables |
The white fly adult is very small, the body color is yellow and the body is covered with white color powder. Therefore, the color of this insect looks white. larvae are flat oval-shaped light yellow or greenish yellow in color that stick to the lower surface of the leaves. Both adults and larvae suck the sap and weaken the plants. In addition to sucking sap, the whitefly also excretes sweet substances. The attacked part of the plant becomes black due to the black color. Due to low photosynthesis, food is less produced and plants become weak. A severe attack leads to a decrease in yield. Whiteflies are a means of spreading the virus from one plant to another. Whiteflies attack more in conditions such as dry climates and high temperatures. They are abundantly present on vegetables in the months of June to August. |
|
(Red mites) All Vegetables |
Mites are a separate group. Insects have six legs while mites have eight legs. They are very small in height so can be seen on the leaves only with the help of a convex lens. The color of the female of red mite is red or greenish yellow. There are two red spots on the back. Larvae are also like mites in shape. At the beginning of the attack on the leaves, light green to white yellow spots appears to form and fall. In case of a severe attack, the entire leaf is covered with white silk nets. Due to sucking the sap, the leaves turn from the edges and their green color becomes yellow and later brown. The plant looks similar to the signs of wilt when viewed from a distance. All the leaves of the plant are covered by mites and production is severely affected. |
|
(Brinjal Stem & Fruit Borer) |
Its larvae do the most damage to the tillers and fruits. They enter the stem and fruit and eat from inside. This insect also attacks the nursery and the transferred crop. If this is not controlled, production is severely affected. The affected flowers form holes filled with insect waste secretion. Its moth is brown in color and there is a W mark near the front wings. The color of the larvae is pale white and the head is orange brown. |
|
(Okra fruit & shoot borer) |
Larvae cause damage by making holes inside the tillers, buds, and fruits. The affected tillers wilt and dry up. The shape of the attacked fruit deteriorates and remains unusable. |
|
(American Worm) All Vegetables |
Its larvae attack the tillers, buds, flowers and fruits. They enter the fruit by making holes in it. While eating, larva keeps its head inside the fruit and the rest of the body outside. American worms can be of different colors. The color of the larva is light brown. It is thick and brown in color. While the head of the Army worm is thin and black as compared to the body. It can also be yellow or green in color when it is gain full growth. Its attack is more in hot humid and rainy weather. The female lays eggs on the top of the leaves and fruit and most of its eggs are on the soft twigs of the plant. |
|
(Leaf Miner) All Vegetables |
The attack of this insect occurs more intensely in case of cultivation in the tunnel. This insect scratches and eats the green matter of the leaves and there are irregular white lines on the leaves. |
|
(Red pumpkin beetle) Vegetables with melon, watermelon, pumpkin and other bullocks |
It's a red elliptical beetle. Whose lower part of the abdomen is black in color. It eats the leaves which stops the growth of plants. If the attack is severe, the plants die. The attack of this insect on the growing plants causes severe damage to the crop, its pupa is present in the cracks inside the ground. From which the beetle comes out and causes harm. |
|
(Termite) Almost All Vegetables |
These insects attack and eat plant roots and underground stems. The affected plants first wilt and dry up. |
|
(Fruit Fly) |
It is usually yellow in color. Female flies make fine holes in the fruit and lay eggs in it. The hole closes later. From these eggs, the larvae hatch and eat the fruit pulp inside. Due to which the fruit gets spoiled and remains unusable. |
|
(Cut worm)
Tomatoes, potatoes, chillies, cabbage nursery, okra tori, beldar vegetables and other vegetables |
This insect is active from October to May. At night, small plants are cut from close to the ground and damaged. Eats less and causes more losses. During the day, the larvae hide in the ground. |
|
(Mealy Bug) |
The female does not have wings and the male has wings. the color of the female is light red and when become adult, the thick layer of white powder accumulates on it and becomes very slow. Males only work as breeder and all the damage is done only by the larvae and the female mealybug. The mealybug carries a sac that contains up to 200 eggs. In which larvae hatch within 10 days and sometimes the mealybug gives larvae directly. Its larvae are very active and can quickly climb on vegetable plants. This insect attacks in the form of groups. Sucks the sap of the soft twigs of vegetables. |
|
(Brinjal wing lace bug) |
The adults and larvae of this insect suck the sap of the leaves and insert a poisonous substance into the leaves, due to which the leaves dry up and start falling. The affected plants first turn yellow and then wrinkled. Severely affected plants completely lose leaves and eventually die. |
|
(Huda Beetle) Brinjal, potatoes, tomatoes and other vinegar vegetables |
These insects scratch the upper surface of both adult and larvae leaves and eat chlorophyll. The veins of the affected leaves remain and the leaves dry out and fall. The affected leaves become mesh-like. |
|
(Painted Bug) Okra and tomatoes etc. |
Both adults and larvae suck plant sap. While sucking the sap, release a toxic substance from your mouth on the plants. Due to which the plants start drying up and the production is affected. |
|
(Fruit Fly) |
It is usually yellow in color. Female flies make fine holes in the fruit and lay eggs in it. The hole closes later. From these eggs, the larvae hatch and eat the fruit pulp inside. Due to which the fruit gets spoiled and remains unusable. |
|
Weed Control
In the case of cultivation of more area, after one day of sowing, spray 600 ml per acre for S. matula chlor agyati radish and 700 milliliters per acre in the case of seasonal radish and mix it with 100 liters of water. Farmers should never use pandimethylene.Tillage is the best strategy for better crop quality.
Irrigation
The first irrigation after cultivation should be done with great care. Efforts should be made that the water does not climb on the tracks or stay so below the seed level that moisture does not reach the seed level because in both cases the growth will be affected. It is better that the water remains 6 to 7 cm below the seed level. Apply another water to the early crop after four days. Irrigate mid- and western-season radishes at 15-day intervals after the first two irrigations.
Fertilizers
Use of fertilizers
Crop Type |
Food components (kg per acre) |
|
|
Amount of fertilizer (sacks per acre) |
|
|
nitrogen |
phosphorus |
Potash |
At the time of sowing |
Second Episode |
seasonal crop |
21 |
23 |
25 |
One sack of DAP and one sack of SOP |
Half a sack of urea after 25 to 40 days |
early crop |
20 |
23 |
25 |
One sack of DAP and one and a half sacks of SOPs |
Half sack urea after 20 to 25 days |
Harvesting
The 40-day radish variety becomes tolerable 40 to 50 days after growing. The sooner this variety is ready, the sooner it cooks. So bear it as quickly as possible once you're ready. Water the field two days before the digging of the agiti molasses, it will avoid breaking while uprooting the radishes and will get a good price in the market of beautiful molasses.